As Congress gears up to deliberate the Fiscal Year 2026 defense budget, a plethora of critical issues loom that could significantly affect the process and outcomes. Here's an in-depth look at the main challenges that could sway lawmakers' decisions and the potential timeline of the budget's approval.

1. Global Security Threats: With increasing global instability, how Congress addresses foreign threats in the FY26 budget will be crucial. The rise in tensions in areas such as Eastern Europe and the South China Sea may necessitate increased funding for military readiness and strategic deployments.

2. Technological Advancements: The rapid pace of technological innovation, especially in cyber warfare and artificial intelligence, demands substantial investments. Lawmakers are faced with the challenge of funding cutting-edge technology to maintain the nation’s competitive edge.

3. Budget Caps and Fiscal Responsibility: Fiscal conservatives continue to scrutinize government spending, pushing for budget caps and reductions. Balancing defense needs with fiscal responsibility remains a contentious issue, potentially impacting the total budget allocation.

4. Veterans' Affairs: With an aging veteran population and ongoing health crises such as PTSD and exposure to hazardous materials, there is a pressing need to increase the budget for veterans’ health care and benefits.

5. Space Force Funding: As space becomes a critical domain for national defense, the debate intensifies over the funding levels necessary for the Space Force to operate effectively and enhance its capabilities.

6. Personnel Costs: The growing costs associated with military personnel, including salaries, housing, and healthcare, are a significant part of the defense budget. Decisions here affect recruitment, retention, and morale of the armed forces.

7. Military Modernization: The need to replace outdated weapons systems and platforms with modern alternatives is undeniable. How Congress prioritizes modernization while balancing other budget needs could lead to significant debates.

8. Overseas Operations: The extent and nature of U.S. military involvement overseas continue to be a pivotal issue, influencing how much funding is directed towards ongoing operations and support.

9. Defense Alliances: Funding for NATO and other defense alliances is under scrutiny, especially considering the political and fiscal pressures from various member countries.

10. Environmental Concerns: The impact of defense activities on the environment and the push for sustainable practices in the military are increasingly becoming part of the budget discussions.

11. Domestic Security: Homeland security, border protection, and cybersecurity are critical areas that require adequate funding to safeguard against internal threats.

12. Legislative Deadlines and Political Dynamics: The interplay of bipartisan politics and the approaching legislative deadlines could further complicate the passage of the budget. The alignment—or lack thereof—between the House, Senate, and the Executive can significantly delay or expedite the process.

As the fiscal year progresses, these issues are expected to form the crux of the debates and discussions among lawmakers. The ability of Congress to navigate these complex challenges will ultimately determine whether the FY26 defense budget can be passed effectively and on time, ensuring the continued security and operational readiness of the nation's armed forces.